IELTS Writing Task 2: linking words beyond 'firstly, secondly'
Linking words examiners notice, grouped by job: adding, contrasting, giving reasons and results, and concluding.
In IELTS Writing, Coherence and Cohesion is a quarter of your score. Linking words help, but only when they're varied and used correctly. Using firstly, secondly, in conclusion in every essay won't lift your band.
Group linking words by their job
| Job | Linking words |
|---|---|
| Adding | furthermore, moreover, in addition |
| Contrasting | however, nevertheless, on the other hand, whereas |
| Giving a reason | due to, since, as a result of |
| Giving a result | therefore, consequently, as a result |
| Giving an example | for instance, such as, to illustrate |
| Concluding | overall, to sum up, on balance |
Watch the punctuation
Rule
However, therefore and moreover start a new sentence (or follow a semicolon) and take a comma.Whereas and although join two clauses in one sentence.
Don't overdo it
Starting every sentence with a linking word sounds mechanical. Use them where the relationship between ideas really needs signalling, and let pronouns (this, these, such) do the rest of the work.
Don't say
Cities are busy. Whereas villages are quiet.
Say
Cities are busy, whereas villages are quiet.
Don't say
Moreover, … Moreover, … Moreover, …
Say
Moreover, … In addition, … Furthermore, …
Quick check
3 questions · nothing is savedPrices rose sharply. ___, many families cut their spending.
Some people prefer cities, ___ others choose the countryside.
Exercise improves health. ___, it can reduce stress.
Practise with your own reading
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